Is frozen water scattered in systems around other stars? Astronomers have long expected it is, partially based on previous detections of its gaseous form, water vapor, and its presence in our own solar system.

Webb Space Telescope reveals a surprisingly clear atmosphere on planet TOI-421 b, helping scientists understand the evolution of sub-Neptunes.

The way that Hubble images are produced is similar to how the James Webb Space Telescope uses filters and combines these to create stunning pictures of otherwise invisible objects, a process which requires both scientific knowledge and a degree of artistic flair from the image processors.

Astronomers didn’t even know sub-Neptunes existed until NASA’s Kepler mission uncovered them over the past decade. Although a few times larger than Earth, they are far smaller than gas giants and usually cooler than hot Jupiters, making them difficult to study with earlier telescopes.